Indefinite Article Forms

â€Å"Chiamerà ² UN medico!† This means, â€Å"I’ll call a doctor.† But since we don’t know which doctor it is, we use the indefinite article â€Å"un,† which can be translated as â€Å"a.† The Italian indefinite article (articolo indeterminativo) indicates a generic, indefinite thing, which is considered unknown. Italian Indefinite Article Forms 1) Un The form â€Å"un† precedes masculine nouns beginning with a consonant except s consonant, z, x, pn, ps, and gn and sc, with usage corresponding to the article il: un bambino - a childun cane - a dogun dente - a toothun fiore - a flowerun gioco   - a game The form â€Å"un† also precedes masculine nouns that start with a vowel (including u): un amico - a friendun elmo - a helmetun incubo - a nightmareun oste - an innkeeperun uragano - a hurricaneun whisky - a whiskeyun week-end - a weekend Note that in front of a vowel the indefinite article â€Å"un† is never apostrophized since it’s not an elided form: unanno, unosso would be equivalent to una anno, una osso, both of which are incorrect. For the same reason un idea, un ora cannot be written without the apostrophe. Note the difference between un assistente (man) and unassistente (woman). 2) Uno The form â€Å"uno† precedes masculine nouns beginning with s consonant, z, x, pn, ps, and gn and sc, with usage corresponding to the article lo: uno sbaglio - a mistakeuno zaino - a backpackuno xilofono - a xylophoneuno (or also un) pneumatico - a tireuno pseudonimo - a pseudonymuno gnocco - a dumplinguno sceicco - a sheikhuno iato - a hiatus For words of foreign origin beginning with h, the same rules apply as lo. 3) Una (un) The form â€Å"una† precedes feminine nouns and is elided to â€Å"un† before a vowel (but not before the semivowel j), to be used with the article la: una bestia - a beastuna casa - a houseuna donna - a womanuna fiera - a fairuna giacca - a jacketuna iena - a hyenaUnanima - a soulUnelica - a propellerUnisola - an islandUnombra - a shadowUnunghia - a fingernail TIPS: Sometimes the indefinite article refers to a type, category, or variety and is equivalent to the word â€Å"ogni - each, every, any, all.†In the spoken language the Italian indefinite article is also used to express admiration (Ho conosciuto una ragazza!—I knew a girl!) or in the superlative sense (Ho avuto una paura!—I was fearful!).It may also indicate approximation and correspond to circa, pressappoco (about, approximately): dista un tre chilometri. (distance of three kilometers).In the example below, the use of the indefinite article overlaps with the definite article (articolo determinativo). Il giovane manca sempre desperienza. - All youngsters always lack experience.Un giovane manca sempre desperienza. - All youngsters always lack experience. Is there a plural? The indefinite article does not have a plural. However, the forms of the (articoli partitivi) dei, degli, and delle or of the (aggettivi indefiniti) qualche (followed by the singular), alcuni, and alcune can function as plurals: Sono sorte delle difficoltà  . - Difficulties have arisen.Ho ancora qualche dubbio. - I still have some doubts.Partirà ² fra alcuni giorni. - I will leave in a few days. or even: alcune difficoltà   - some difficultiesnumerosi dubbi - many doubtsparecchi giorni - many days Another alternative is to use neither the partitive nor the indefinite adjective, and instead express the plural noun without any description: Sono sorte difficoltà  . - Difficulties have arisenHo ancora dubbi. - I still have doubts.Partirà ² fra giorni. - I will leave in a few days.

Prejudice and Racism - Home Ownership in A Raisin in the...

The Black’s Quest for a Home Ownership in A Raisin in the Sun and in America In the famous 1959 kitchen debate with Russian premier Nikita Khrushchev, Richard Nixon asserted the American Dream of homeownership was available to all Americans regardless of class, race, or any other social constraint. For Nixon, this claim was proof of Americas dominance over Russia-of democracys superiority over communism. Nixon, however, greatly exaggerated the availability of homeownership; owning a home in the suburbs was not an option for all Americans, particularly African Americans. Government subsidies, which were so important in making homes affordable, were not extended to blacks. Furthermore, suburban communities around the†¦show more content†¦Her two grown children, Walter and Beneatha (Bennie), have high aspirations; Travis wants to open a liquor store and become a businessman man while Bennie is in college studying to be a doctor. Both hope that some of the insurance money will go in helping them achieve their respective dreams. Mama and her late husband always dreamed of owning a home. When Mama and Mr. Younger initially rented their apartment on the Southside, it was supposed to be a temporary residence before they bought their own house. But more than thirty years later, the family still resides in the same apartment. The Younger family composed of Mama, Bennie, Walter, his wife Ruth, and their child Travis, all live under the same cramped roof. The play is about the unmet dreams of each member of the family. The epigraph and title of the play, A Raisin in the Sun, are taken from Langston Hughes famous 1951 poem Montage of a Dream Deferred. Hughes poem questions whether people surrender to circumstances when their aspirations are frustrated or whether their dreams explode in unpredictable ways after the accumulation of continuos disappointments. Walter gets close to exploding. After spending many years trying to open a liquor store, it is only his fathers life insurance check that may allow him to finally achieve his dream of being an independent man and his own boss. Walter was notShow MoreRelatedA Raisin In The Sun American Dream Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States is recognized as the â€Å"land of the free† and home of the â€Å"American Dream.† According to James Truslow Adams in Epic of America, the American Dream is defined as â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each accordin g to ability or achievement.† It is based on the foundations of the Declaration of Independence: the rights to Liberty, Life, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Amadeo, What is the American Dream?). PeopleRead MoreThe African American Struggle During The United States Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesThe African American Struggle in the United States Before the civil rights movement in America, many writers that grew up during times of oppression and racial discrimination began to speak out about the problems African Americans faced. Wilson, Hughes, and Hansberry explore the themes of racism and the American dream in their works to reveal the situation for black Americans in the United States during the time period after World War II. The American dream is the idea that every person shouldRead MoreWhat Happens When Equality, Liberty, And Justice Are Deferred?925 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor†, Dr. King advised, â€Å"it must be demanded by the oppressed.† What happens when â€Å"demanded by the oppressed† is deferred? Did righteous Black Power and Critical Resistance dry up like a raisin in the sun? Is the ongoing pernicious cycle of inequality in this country like a festering sore that runs deep in our skin; deep in our subconscious - discharging infected oozing matter day after day; month after month; year after year? Doesn’t oppressionRead MoreRacism Is A Major Issue Since The Colonial Era And The Slavery Era1943 Words   |  8 PagesRacism is a major issue since the colonial era and the slavery era. Heavy burden of racism in the country have fallen upon African Americans. Racism was a huge influence on the Youngster’s family in A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry. The Younger’s represent a typical African American family living in the 1950’s trying to survive in the ghetto’s south side of Chicago. This family was filled with dreams, and had a vision to progress, but there was obstacles that were interfering with

Strength and Weakness of Open Market Operation

Question: Discuss about the Strength and Weakness of Open Market Operation. Answer: Introduction: One of the most widely used and active monetary policy used by central banks in a country with well-developed capital market is open market operation. Monetary aggregates would be controlled in a more flexible way using this policy instruments. Open market operations is the initiative taken by monetary authority for selling and purchasing of financial assets in capital market along with Effectiveness of other monetary policy instruments such as reserve requirement and discount policy can be reinforced using the open market operation (Adrian and Liang 2016). There is a direct and immediate impact on bank reserves that affects the credit creating capacity of banks. Discussion: Nature of money Creation and its Impact on Economy: Capital market interest rate and cash rate in the economy is affected through the whole structure of lending and deposit rates. Lending and deposit rates does not always keep in pace with cash rate because of fluctuation in level of competition in the banking sector. Money is created by banks in the form of deposits and by making new loans. Money is created by banks whenever they buy an asset from customers and lend money in economy. The balance sheet of the commercial sector increases when the money is created in the form of lending (Battiston et al. 2016). However, several factors cause difference between the amounts of money created and distributed in the economy. Aim of open market operation of central banks influences the cash reserves and quantity of money in the economy. In accordance with the increase and decrease in the cash reserves of central banks, the banks seek to increase, decrease the loan and investment. When the Federal Reserve buys the government bonds, new money is used to pay for them and this put control over the size of money supply. Money supply immediately goes up once the government securities are immediately bought through the open market operations. This is so because interest rate is influenced by change in the money supply and ultimately investment and saving decisions in the economy (Gandolfo 2013). Cash rate in the money market is determined by the interaction between the supply and demand in the economy. If more exchange settlement funds are supplied by central banks compared to amount hold by commercial banks in the economy, banks would lend more money in the cash market and this would cause the cash rate to fall. Process other way round would bid up the cash rate. Cash rate are feed through the whole structure of lending and deposit rates. In order for banks to satisfy reserve requirement and manage liquidity, banks lends and borrow money in the interbank lending rate. Constraint of reserve requirement is binding all the times as banks rarely hold significant excess reserves. Banking industry experiences a decline in the reserve requirement when the monitory policy is tighten using the open market operation (Brunnermeier and Sannikov 2016). Alternative monetary Policy Due to Ineffective of Open market Operation: Open market operation becomes inert in severe crises and it affects the interest rate in normal times. Central banks have made injection of reserves into the banking system by adopting the unconventional monetary policy of quantitative easing. When the bank makes loans, it enables the creation of money. Banks in the aftermath of financial crisis stopped making money by way of lending. Some of the alternative monetary policy adopted by some of the countries was Quantitative easing. Quantitative easing is a monetary policy that is instituted by central banks for stimulating the local economy. Using this policy, government increase the supply of money in the economy and maintained lower rate of interest artificially and at the same time providing customers with extra money to spend. Quantitative Easing Employed by Several Countries: Quantitative easing was employed by federal reserve with the hope of steering the largest economy through financial crisis. In US, quantitative easing was coupled with lower interest rate that help in freeing up capital and this led to rise in price of shares in the US economy. After the initiation of quantitative easing initiated in the US. Given the slowdown in inflation in US, the central bank is cautious in raising the borrowing costs (Grubel 2014). In the wake of financial growth and in the wake of financial crisis, Bank of England has embarked on quantitative easing. In light of quantitative easing programme, UK government created new money worth $ 550 billion (Taylor 2013). Introduction of this monetary policy helped in creating overall financial stability and credit conditions. Japan was plagued in recent history by rolling recession and deflation and the quantitative easing was described as effort of the country in raising the price and kick starting the growth. However, quantitative easing was not successful in making the country rid of persistent deflation. Under the plan of quantitative easing, japan banks vowed to buy government bonds worth 46 billion each money using electronically created money. Quantitative easing policy is seized on by the critics of policy and how the economic record would help in warding off deflation and recession (Kindleberger 2015). The current monetary policy of japan aimed at removing the deflationary bias and the inflation trend needs to be targeted for increasing the investment and consumption in the market of Japan. The earlier monetary policy was not successful in increasing the liquidity as it did not led to increase in domestic demand. Policy of Quantitative easing urged people to make increased investment and consumption as excess money supply in the economy would lead to inflation in the near future (Starr 2014). This policy enabling easy purchase of government bonds can be a subject of political pressure. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the success of open market operation is dependent on number of factors. Open market operation is ineffective if the government securities market is not well diversified and large. Open market operation has limited impact if there is inadequate supply of government securities. Application of fractional reserve and open market operation fail to achieve the monetary objectives in most of the cases. Success of open market operation and fractional reserves in the economy depends upon the prevailing economic conditions of country and circumstances. It is essential to develop actively securities market and liberalizing the interest rate for achieving the open market operation objectives. Reference: Adrian, T. and Liang, N., 2016. Monetary policy, financial conditions, and financial stability. Battiston, S., Farmer, J.D., Flache, A., Garlaschelli, D., Haldane, A.G., Heesterbeek, H., Hommes, C., Jaeger, C., May, R. and Scheffer, M., 2016. Complexity theory and financial regulation.Science,351(6275), pp.818-819. Brunnermeier, M.K. and Sannikov, Y., 2016.The I theory of money(No. w22533). National Bureau of Economic Research. Gandolfo, G., 2013.International Economics II: International Monetary Theory and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Science Business Media. Grubel, H.G., 2014. A theory of multinational banking.PSL Quarterly Review,30(123). Kindleberger, C.P., 2015.A financial history of Western Europe. Routledge. Starr, R.M. ed., 2014.General equilibrium models of monetary economies: Studies in the static foundations of monetary theory. Academic Press. Taylor, J.B., 2013.Getting off track: How government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. Hoover Press.